Broken Arrow: When Nuclear Weapons Go Missing

The term “Broken Arrow” is a code word used by the United States Department of Defense to classify nuclear weapon accidents that pose a risk of accidental detonation, loss, theft, or other unauthorized deployment scenarios. It doesn’t necessarily mean that a nuclear explosion occurred or was imminent, but rather indicates a serious incident involving a nuclear weapon or component.

The very existence of the “Broken Arrow” classification highlights the inherent dangers associated with maintaining a large nuclear arsenal. While rigorous safety protocols are in place, accidents can and have happened, demonstrating the complex challenges involved in managing these incredibly powerful and potentially destructive devices.

So, what types of incidents fall under the “Broken Arrow” umbrella? They can range from a conventional explosion or fire involving a nuclear weapon on an aircraft or at a storage facility, to an accidental jettisoning or dropping of a weapon, or even the complete loss of a weapon due to a plane crash or sinking at sea. They also encompass scenarios where a weapon is stolen or seized by unauthorized individuals.

The Pentagon maintains a veil of secrecy around specific “Broken Arrow” incidents for national security reasons. However, some cases have become public knowledge. One example is the 1961 Goldsboro, North Carolina incident where two Mark 39 hydrogen bombs were accidentally dropped from a B-52 bomber. One of the bombs went through nearly all the arming sequences, and only a single, low-voltage switch prevented a detonation. This incident underscored the precariousness of nuclear safety during the Cold War.

Another well-known incident is the 1966 Palomares, Spain incident. A B-52 bomber collided with a KC-135 tanker during mid-air refueling, resulting in the release of four B28 hydrogen bombs. One bomb was recovered intact on land. Two bombs detonated their conventional explosives, scattering plutonium over a wide area. The fourth bomb was recovered from the sea floor after a lengthy search. The cleanup operation involved removing contaminated soil and monitoring the area for radiation.

These incidents, along with others, demonstrate the potential for catastrophic consequences associated with nuclear weapon accidents. They underscore the importance of stringent safety protocols, robust security measures, and continuous improvements in weapon design to minimize the risk of future “Broken Arrow” events. The need for a global effort towards nuclear disarmament remains a vital aspect of preventing such incidents and ensuring global security.

While the term “Broken Arrow” primarily refers to US nuclear weapon accidents, the potential for similar incidents exists in any nation possessing nuclear weapons. The risks are universal, and constant vigilance is essential to prevent future “Broken Arrow” scenarios and the potential for devastating consequences.